The Thin Commandments A Guide to Anorexia Nervosa

In today’s world, the pursuit of thinness has increased due to the association it has with physical attractiveness and body perfection. Society, particularly the Western culture, idolizes thin body size as the ideal body image. And as a consequence, eating disorders can develop when people take this to the extreme. Scholars have looked at all forms of persuasive tools that can explain the popularity of anorexia nervosa. From language use (Burke, 1966) to the power of culture in terms of presumed knowledge (Dumit, 2003) and its increasing interest in the ideal body image of the Western culture (Vandereycken and van Deth, 1994). Kenneth Burke’s â€Å"Terministic Screens† (1966) uses the metaphor of camera lenses to explain that language and words†¦show more content†¦The website sample that I selected was obtained by typing in â€Å"pro-ana websites† on the Google search engine, where I started by scanning through the caption for the website and then reviewing the summary listed underneath it. Looking though a variety of pro-ana websites and examining their suggested websites brought me further into the world of pro-ana. By following links on these websites, it took me to a more â€Å"invisible† pro-ana websites, which cannot be found by simply putting it in Google. After analyzing and comparing the differences between possible websites, I decided to choose this particular one not because it is better; in fact, they all contain similar content. I chose The New Pro Ana Mia Nation simply because the web link indicates that the website is operating in Canada and hence reass ure me that the blog comes from the Western culture. Results: Thin Commandments 1. If you are not thin, you are not beautiful 2. Being thin is more important than being healthy 3. You must buy clothes, cut your hair, take laxatives, anything to make yourself look thinner 4. Thou shall not eat without feeling Guilty 5. Thou shall not eat fattening food without punishing afterward 6. Thou shall count calories and restrict intake accordingly 7. What the scale says is the most important thing 8. Losing weight is good, Gaining weight

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde - 3074 Words

Frankenstein by author Mary Shelley is a Gothic science fiction novel written in Switzerland between 1816–1817, and published January 1, 1818. Set in eighteenth century Geneva, Frankenstein tells the story of a young man by the name of Victor who goes away to college to study natural philosophy, chemistry, and alchemy. When armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends months constructing a creature out of old body parts, and in the secrecy of his apartment, brings his creation to life. The monstrous abomination later disappears, and when a mysterious series of deaths start to occur in Victor’s family, he is certain his creation is the cause, and devotes his life to vanquishing the savage fiend. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Louis Stevenson and published in 1886, is a mystery thriller about a respectable man by the name of Henry Jekyll, who takes a potion to occasionally become a dark and evil character, which he so cle verly calls â€Å"Mr. Hyde†. Meanwhile Mr. Utterson, Dr. Jekyll’s lawyer and close friend, tries to figure out why his dear friend Dr. Jekyll is acting so suspiciously, while simultaneously trying to uncover the origin of Mr. Hyde for himself. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde shares common themes with Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein such as dangerous knowledge, monstrosity, and the use of doppelgà ¤ngers. Both Frankenstein and Jekyll and Hyde, develop the idea of the doppelgà ¤nger to emphasize how socialShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelgan ger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards t he end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of this broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wronglyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Personas of Henry Jekyll Every person is born with bright and dark personas that people moderate due to the standards of society. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jekyll and Hyde battle for the power to stay alive in the story. As Jekyll continues to try and take over his evil persona, Hyde tries to stay alive and cause evil in the world. In our society, many people will struggle with self control and Dr. Jekyll has trouble controlling his alter ego by performing his evil pleasuresRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1326 Words   |  6 Pages The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published during the late Victorian era, but he clearly brings into question the acceptance of Victorian philosophies, especially the belief that one truth exists and that we can identify good and evil as separate entities. The names Jekyll and Hyde have become synonymous with multiple personality disorder. This novel can be examined from the natural dualism and Freud’s structural th eory of the mind. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr

Environmental Pressures - 1467 Words

Environmental Pressures Page 2 Growth Pressures All companies have moments of growth and decline. As companies age, change in the form of growth is brought about (Palmer, 2009, p.65). Companies look for the increases in revenue and ways to create more revenue. When money is being made growth happens, new jobs are created, expansions begin and technology is heightened. Last week Time Warner Cable announced that there will be a new CEO, as the current CEO, Glenn Britt will be retiring. The new CEO, Rob Marcus talked about the growth pressures concerning Time Warner Cable. Mr. Marcus emphasized the growth potential of selling data services to businesses, which is the fastest-growing sector of the cable industry. He also said Time†¦show more content†¦Flexibility Flexibility can be a reason for changes in the competitive environment in an appropriate and timely way. Flexibility comes from managerial capabilities (management challenge) and the responsiveness of the organization (organization design challenge).Flexibility requires a constructive discord between change and preservation. Strategic flexibility is an increasingly sought-after competitive element in today’s fast-paced and changing world. (Englehardt, 2002) Reputation and Credibility Pressures Time Warner Cable has pride in their reputation. A company’s reputation can be damaged at the drop of a dime. All it takes is an unsatisfied customer to speak negatively about a company or bring up a potential law suit against a company. Time Warner Cable has a team legal team staffed in house at Corporate however, all attempts are made on the lower levels to diffuse the situation before it gets that far. It a company’s reputation is ruined, there is serious backlash from it, the company loses customers, hence revenue, potential job loss can occur and worst of all the company doors can close. Reputation can be in formation of customer loyalty (Nguyen, 2001). Credibility is major, if consumer cannot count on a company to do what it is Environmental Pressures Page 5 they say they are going to do, consumers will go else and not mind paying a higher rate to get what they want. Customers want to know that the companies /Show MoreRelatedHRM 560 WRITING ASSIGNMENT 2 Environmental Pressures v2a Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Assignment 2: Environmental Pressures Sandra T. Sims, Student Summer Quarter 2014 HRM 560 – Managing Organizational Change Instructor: Dr. Mary Hair Collins 1. Create a table where at least three (3) organizational pressures and at least three (3) environmental pressures in the organization are illustrated and rank those pressures according to their influence. Corporate organizational pressures describe change both negatively and positively for the company and its employees. These evaluationsRead MoreIntel Case Study Of Intel1280 Words   |  6 PagesIntel, as noted by Palmer, Dunford, Akin, C. R. Barrett, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Intel was half-way through a six-year tenure. As CEO, Barrett implemented a number of changes to the organization and experienced many unforeseen environmental pressures. Barrett wanted to make a lasting impact upon the organization, as his/her processors had done, and worked hard to keep the company competitive and profitable during a time when technology companies were significantly struggling or outrightRead MoreScuba Diving And Physics Of The Underwater World1311 Words   |  6 Pageswas located on the back of the diver. This reservoir provided only one cycle of breathing on demand. This on-demand valve regulator was necessary because technology at the time was unable to create tanks with the st rength to contain air at high pressure. (2) A significant breakthrough was not seen until 1943. Captain Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan finished development of the Aqua Lung. The Aqua Lung used a similar on-demand valve that drew from two to three cylinders that each contained overRead MoreIs It No Longer Relevant? Humans?878 Words   |  4 Pagestoday, society plays an important role in compelling the further development of our species. However, times are considerably different now than how they were a while ago. Today, the average person’s exposure to environmental pressures is totaled up to stairs in need of baby proofing, environmental toxins, and microorganisms. For some of us, even with knowledgeable insight into the harshly unforgiving conditions that were mitigated throughout the millenniums, such a disparity in lifestyles is difficultRead MoreA Simplified Approach On Dynamic Response2007 Words   |  9 Pagesobtained. Key Words: Simplified Approach, Modification Factor, Peak Dynamic Response (PDR), Power Spectral Density Analysis, and Buffeting Wind Loading Introduction: Wind is caused by differences in pressure. When a difference in pressure exists, the air is accelerated from higher to lower pressure areas. In the field of structural engineering, it includes strong winds, which may cause discomfort and extreme winds such as tornado, hurricane. It plays an important role in design of tall structuresRead MoreProblems Associated With Pipe Breaks2219 Words   |  9 Pagescosts (supplying and laying the new pipe), maintenance costs (repairing and preventing failure in the system), operating costs (electricity and filtering costs) and damage costs (property damage, inconvenience, loss of amenity, health risks and environmental costs). (Dandy Engelhardt, 2001) All of these costs can be difficult to accurately predict, which may be necessary when consulting with management about whether or not to replace a pipe. Pipe bursts in commercial areas and along main roads alsoRead MoreThin Cylinder3175 Words   |  13 Pagesformulas relating the s tresses in the walls of the cylinder and the gage pressure p in the fluid they contain. In the case of a cylindrical vessel of inside radius r and thickness t, we obtained the following expression for the hoop stress H and the longitudinal stress L. Mohr’s circle provides an alternative method, based on simple geometric considerations, for the analysis of the transformation of plane stress. Thin-walled pressure vessels provide an important application of the analysis of planeRead MoreSchool Registration and Fees Payment System30212 Words   |  121 Pagesthe specifications in the project proposal: †¢ Modify and update an existing conventional simulator using Visual Basic v.6.0 †¢ Modify the simulator to model extended reach wells †¢ Take into account gas compressibility factor on casing pressure and drill pipe pressure †¢ Take into account compressibility of mud and formation on well stabilization †¢ Modify the simulator to handle multilateral wells †¢ Use the simulator to evaluate and compare current and new procedures, if any, from this study †¢ DevelopRead MoreModern Meteorology And Its Effects On The Earth1693 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction and History Venus and Earth are often called twin planets due to their similar sizes and locations, so Venus might seem like a reasonable interplanetary vacation spot. However, upon arrival, the â€Å"crushing ninety atmospheres† of surface pressure and â€Å"strongest greenhouse effect in the solar system† will render the trip a massive failure (Natural History). Despite their similarities, Earth and Venus differ greatly with regards to their atmospheres, making Earth a much more hospitable environmentRead MoreThe Effect Of Heat On The Transport And Removal Of Contaminants From Soil1982 Words   |  8 PagesEffect of heat on the transport and removal of contaminants from soil 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Soil remediation has emerged as an important field in Applied Sciences due to its potential in environmental clean-up of harmful chemicals and contaminants. Various incidents in the past like the deep water horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has raised an alarming question regarding how to protect the environments encountering such devastating effects and restore them to their original state

Essay on Early Civilizations - 522 Words

Early Civilizations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From 3000 BC to 1500 BC four civilizations arose that historians to this day marvel at, the Egyptians, the Sumerians, the Indus River Valley people, and the Shang dynasty in China. They all had great accomplishments in government, and religion and inventions. While they had their own different civilizations many similarities arise, such as depending on the river and their polytheistic religions. They had very isolated civilizations with the exception of the Sumerians. The geography, religion, and their governments all contributed to their success as a civilization. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Egyptians were situated in northern Africa around the Nile. The Mediterranean Sea,†¦show more content†¦Sumerians also had a polytheistic religion, and like the Egyptians each region or city-state worship a local god primarily. They pictured their gods as having little regard for human life. The Sumerians did not believe in an afterlife. The Shang dynasty’s religion is rather different compared to the others Shang Ti was a god that ruled over lesser gods. They also believed that ancestors were able to go between through gods and people. Also Oracle Bones were used to tell the future. Lastly, The IRVC was also polytheistic religion they revered bulls and some trees, and held them as sacred. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The governments of these four civilizations were rather different with kings, pharaohs, and nobles. In Egypt a pharaoh had god’s blood and was an absolute monarch. In Sumeria had twelve city-states that were very populated somewhere from 20,000 to 250,000 people in each. Each city-state was governed independently and had their own kings. The king was a military leader, and a priest, making Sumeria a theocracy. The IRVC had a centralized government, which is indicated, by very intricately planned cities. Priest-kings were the leaders of the land. The Shang dynasty had kings that ruled over nobles who ruled over providences. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All four civilizations were different but significantly similarly in the senseShow MoreRelatedEarly Civilizations : Ancient Civilizations830 Words   |  4 Pages18, 2015 Early Civilization All civilizations, whether old or new, strive for advancement. In order to advance, certain techniques and characteristics have to be combined and manipulated to achieve this progression. â€Å"A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common elements.† Examples of these early civilizations that used similar characteristics to flourish were the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Egyptians in Egypt. A civilization is formedRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Early Civilizations1030 Words   |  5 Pages Uncovering the mysteries of early civilizations is a task not many scientists have successfully and accurately attempted. Jared Diamond’s main focus of his Pulitzer Prize winning book/documentary Guns, Germs, and Steel is the claim that the 3 biggest mysteries of civilization depended mostly on accidental agriculture. This has been met with controversy because Diamond rarely includes other factors such as guns, steel, and actual Eurasian history. But is Guns, Germs, and Steel accurate and entertainingRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Early Civilizations Of Mesopotamia1042 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristics shown in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia are still evident in today’s world because without these basic standards set by the people of Mesopotamia, civilization could never have grown or had a reference point for the basic building blocks of society. Mesopotamia was able to grow through the development of technology, trade, stable political and military system s, and a class system that contributed to society . Mesopotamia’s way of life influenced many other civilizations such as the onesRead MoreSexism in Early Civilizations Essays733 Words   |  3 PagesEven in the first civilizations sexsim was very prevalent, women were not included in democracy, they were not allowed to vote, and in some earlier civilizations women were not even allowed to have a job or go outside the home. Even as a 16 year old girl in America, the supposed land of dreams, I see sexism everyday. I see it when I watch the news, I see it when I’m walking down the halls at my school, I even see it when I read novels and articles or watch a movie online. Over 60% of serious journalismRead MoreThe Significance of Agriculture in Early Human Civilization1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Significance of Agriculture in Early Human Civilization Over the course of human evolution, there has been no greater single development with as profound and far reaching effects as that of the development of agriculture. Sustainable agriculture drove human civilization from a hunter-gatherer society to the settled and centralized society we know today. The advent of modern agriculture techniques enabled early man to settle in one area and develop their own food and raw material needed forRead MoreGeography and Early Civilizations Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesGeography and Early Civilizations Geography had a tremendous impact on early civilizations, the topography of the different regions played a key role in their development and formation. This statement by Fernand Braudel â€Å" Geography is the stage in which humanity’s endless dramas are played out† (Getz et al., Exchanges, 26) is a very moving and telling description. The terrain, whether it is natural or man made is not the end all, be all. It does however affect the stage a great deal. MountainousRead MoreComparing Religious And Political Authority Of Early Civilizations1352 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Religious and Political Authority of Early Civilizations Civilization can be defined along lines of a sophisticated state of human society, whereby a high level of culture and science, as well as industry and government has been attained. This paper compares civilization in the line of authority, both in religious and political spheres among the three groups; Mesopotamia, Nile in Egypt and Indus Valley (Mahenjodaro and Harrapa) in India. Mesopotamia Political organization The name MesopotamiaRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Early Mesopotamian Civilization1092 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyzing ancient civilization and how it began, there are many elements and aspects that should be considered. Questions such as how did civilization begin? What lead to its creation? Where did it begin, and why in that particular location? Many of these questions can be examined and answered by researching what many believe is the world’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this region was chosen and supported one of the world’s first civilizations. This area wasRead MoreThe Influence of Geography and the Environment On the Development of Early Civilization 790 Words   |  4 Pagesnearly every civilization. For example, rivers bring water and allow for agricultural development, while mountains or deserts provide for protection and create a barrier. Many things, such as the aforementioned deserts and mountains, can offer both posi tive and negative influences on the society in question. The climate and amount of rainfall is directly related to the success or failure of crop growing, and thus related to the amount of time spent on simply surviving. Civilizations that are ableRead MoreEarly Civilizations and the Dawn of the Medieval Age Essay3703 Words   |  15 PagesEarly Civilizations and the Dawn of the Medieval Age History is an account of mans achievements during the last five thousand years. Though man has been on this planet for about 500,000 years, history only covers a part of this period. The reason for this is that history is essentially based on written documents However the art of writing become known to man, only after 3000 B. C. 1.1 History : Meaning and Importance The word history is derived from the Greek noun historia meaning inquiry

Critically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity Free Essays

string(98) " in economically developed and less developed countries, several changes will have to be adopted\." | 3. Critically evaluate the debates surrounding the continuity of Bretton Woods’s institutions. Which of these institutions would you recommend to be discontinued? Justify your choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity or any similar topic only for you Order Now While preparing to rebuild the international economic system after WWII, 730 delegates of the 44 allied nations met in New Hampshire, United States, to form the Bretton Woods agreement. The aim was to set up rules and regulations to stabilize the global monetary system and ensure the free movement of capital goods through a global market. The agreement established two regulatory institutions, firstly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to control the exchange rates and bridge temporary imbalances of payment. Secondly, the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), later known as the World Bank, which was founded to finance the reconstruction of post war Europe. In 1947 the Havana Charter proposed a third regulatory institution, the International Trade Organization (ITO) that transformed into the World Trade Organization (WTO). This essay will critically evaluate the performance of the three Bretton Wood? s institutions, giving recommendations to operational changes for the IMF and the WTO, and argue to discontinue the WB as it operates currently. The IMF was one of the key institutions that stabilized the world economy after WWII. Its initial goal was to regulate and stabilize exchange rates and assists the reconstruction of the world’s international payment system. One of the key objectives of the IMF was to prevent the devaluation cycle. Through joining the IMF in the post War period, countries surrendered their economic rights, especially on setting its exchange rate, in return they were guarantied â€Å"exchange stability, avoidance of competitive exchange depreciation and a liberal regime of international repayments† (deVries, 1986). Essentially the original conception behind the IMF, was to control the behaviour of countries that joined the IMF, â€Å"spelled out in a code that was administered by an international institution†. The 1970s oil crisis was a turning point for the role that the IMF played. Third world countries were most affected by the oil crisis, since their economies became dependent on oil and the increasing prices accumulated large amounts of debt. The IMF agreed to lend money, and rose to †new prominence, with new functions and greater powers of control over even more dependent countries† (Peet, 2009). The main change in the IMFs mission, is the shift of lending to first world countries, in order to reconstruct the world payment system using expansionary policies, to lending to third world countries, accompanied by â€Å"conditionality’s†, which restrict countries fiscal and monetary policies. Anne Kruger, managing director of the IMF, said; â€Å"Much of what we do is very different from the way the Fund operated in those early years. It has to be. The world economy has changed beyond recognition. But we still apply those same core principles, international financial stability and the prevention of crises† (Kruger 2004) The IMF became subject to severe criticism, one of the main critics is Joseph Stiglitz. He argued that the IMF has failed its mission to sustain global economic stability. The main point of his argument is that the IMF has diverged its initial mission â€Å"based on the assumption that markets did not always work perfectly, that is, there were times when intervention might be needed to secure a stable global economic order â€Å"(Stiglitz, 2002) Now, he argues, the IMF operates largely on the untenable ideology that markets should be left to operate on their own, with no need of intervention. The Washington Consensus largely influenced the change in economic policies of the IMF. The Consensus was based on Latin American countries, were growth was not sustained. The belief of the Washington Consensus was that this had happened as a result of excessive government intervention in the economy. The Consensus therefore recommended policies such as capital market liberalization, fiscal austerity and the privatisation of public companies. Furthermore, critics say; â€Å"the IMF frequently argues for the same economic policies regardless of the situation. † (Pettinger, 2008) The IMF blindly imposed the same â€Å"conditionality’s† to all its loans. What policies might have worked for one country might make matters even worse in others. The Argentinean financial crisis (1999-2002), underlines that the policies imposed by the IMF can lead a country into a severe recession. The IMF convinced the Argentinean government to maintain its fixed rate of exchange: one peso for one U. S. dollar. This made imports artificially cheap but exports too expensive. Consequently, Argentina had a severe trade deficit. Secondly, in order to maintain the overvalued currency, a country needs large reserve of dollars. The IMF lent $40 billion to support the Argentina peso, enhancing the debt of the country. On top the IMF made its loans conditional to a „zero deficitâ€Å" policy. „Argentina’s implosion has the IMF’s fingerprints all over it. â€Å" (Weisbrot, 2001) However the IMF has also been the last opportunity for many countries to avoid a default. Most currently, the IMF has given Greece a 1. 6 billion euro loan, to keep the Greek economy floating, and stabilize the euro zone. Another criticism of the IMF is that decisions made on which countries have the right to borrow money are made by a handful of nations who have the main rights. Out of the 24 board members in the IMF, only 10 are occupied by developing countries, holding only 26% of the shares. America in comparison has nearly 18% of the shares in the IMF. This inequality in the board of the IMF shows that decisions are mainly focused in developed countries. Stiglitz argues that the IMFs decisions were driven by the collective will of the G7. Wealthy, industrialized nations, and the commercial and financial interests within those countries dominate the IMF. The IMF was not falsely criticized, however the existence of the IMF is still important and inevitable. The current financial crisis has shown that supranational organizations such as the IMF still play a key role in stabilizing countries economies. However in order for the IMF to prosper in future and efficiently operate in economically developed and less developed countries, several changes will have to be adopted. You read "Critically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity" in category "Essay examples" Firstly the board members will have to split up more evenly. It is understandable that larger countries with more economic output have slightly more voting power than smaller ones. However developed countries, holding 74% of voting power, solely make decisions. Since the IMF largely gives loans to less developed countries, they should have enough members on the board to able to make decisions, on loan agreements. Secondly the IMF has to make detailed analyses of each country they borrow too, and based on that give consultancy on economic policies. History has shown that countries can prosper with different economic policies. While the western economy has largely grown on a liberalized free market, the Asian Tigers have managed to grow, ignoring the neoliberal economic policies the IMF imposed on them. Therefore the IMF must acknowledge that not every country can develop successfully under the same economic policy. The World Bank is the second institution founded at the Breton Woods conference. It was formally named the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The initial role was to help in the reconstruction of post-war Europe, hardly mentioning the issues of global poverty reduction. Now, however the World Bank operates as a development agency, providing loans to developing countries, in order to reduce poverty and increase living standards. In its mission statement the bank says, â€Å"Our dream is a world without poverty†. The size of the World Bank has also changed dramatically, starting with 38 members in 1946, to 187 members currently. The World Bank comprises two main institutions, the IBRD and the International Development Agency (IDA). The IBRD provides loans to creditworthy middle-income countries, charging an interest rate of around 1%. It raises money through bond sales in the international capital market. These bonds have a triple A rating, since they are backed by member states share capital. The IDA, on the other handy, focuses on providing long-term, interest-free loans â€Å"to the world’s 78 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa†, (World Bank official website, 2011) addressing issues such as primary education, basic health services clean water supply and many others. â€Å"Resources to fund IDA loans are raised through subscriptions from wealthy members such as United States, Japan and Germany† (Hill, 2002) The IBRD financed several successful projects in various areas in the developing world and was able to improve the living conditions and reduce the poverty rate in some areas. The IBRD, for example, largely funded the education system in Mexico. The WB funded over 18,000 schools under the â€Å"Quality Schools Programâ€Å" in rural areas of the country. Recently the WB has granted a 300 million US dollar loan, to further support Mexico’s School Education System (Educacion y Cultura, 2012). The IDA has also successfully reduced poverty and improved infrastructure in some areas of the world. A notable example is the „Highway Programâ€Å" in Azerbaijan, which focuses on â€Å"improving international and domestic road networks for stimulating economic growthâ€Å" (World Bank Official Website, 2011) The highway project reduces travel time by 33%, stimulates trade and business along the rural area and created over 20,000 jobs. However the World Bank has faced some severe criticism as well. One of the strongest criticisms has been the negative environmental impact of some the World Bank projects. For instance, the construction of the Yacyreta dam in the 1990s in Argentina, which was largely funded by the World Bank. As a result of the dam, over 40,000 people have been displaced, and the majority of them were not compensated for their losses (The Whirled Bank Group, 2002). Furthermore, because of the dam construction several children failed to reach their school. The dam also had negative impacts on biodiversity, and due to the calm waters, diseases such as malaria and the dengue fever started to spread. Another controversial aspect of the World Bank has been its undemocratic governance structure, which is dominated by the main developed nations. These countries choose the leadership and senior management of the World Bank, and so their interests dominate the bankâ€Å" (Cornell University Press, 2006) Similarly to the IMF, the US holds the most voting power with 15. 8%, additionally all World Bank presidents have come from the US. Japan and China follow with only 7% and 6% voting power correspondingly. This large voting power inequality shows how voiceless most of the developing countries are, although nearly all loans affect their economies. The last, and arguably the most important criticism of the World Bank, are the neoliberal policies that World Bank imposed on lending nations. The ideas that were created in the Washington Consensus, including the deregulation and liberalization of markets, privatization and the downscaling of government, were seen as they key policies to promote development. However, what might have worked for the western economies might not be the best solution for developing nations. Usually the World Bank imposes structural adjustments to countries to which they lend money. These adjustments include reduced state support, and the liberalization of markets. Studies have shown that these policies have led to intensified poverty and a slowdown in the economy, especially in African nations. Richard Peet claims that the austerity policies attached to the World Bank have â€Å" declined the per Capita income by 25% in sub-Saharan Africa, and the removal of food and agricultural subsidies caused prizes to rise and created food insecurity† (Peet, 2003). The policies have not only exacerbated poverty, but due to the imposed decline of health expenditures of governments, HIV and other diseases spread rapidly, causing the life expectancy of Africans to drop by fifteen years during the last two decades. In the Millennium Development Goal 6, the World Bank states, â€Å"to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, through prevention, care, treatment, and mitigation services for those affected by HIV/AIDSâ€Å". Although the WB has been successfully fighting AIDS in some African nations, spending over 3,000 million USD in the construction of HIV testing and teaching sites, it has worsened the situation in other areas through imposing neoliberal economic policies on countries. Overall the â€Å"World Bank is an institution out of time and place† (Rich, 1994). The IBRD claims to be a development agency, however the institution is funded through issuing bonds on the capital market, creating a conflict of interest. Due to the fact that numerous shareholders own the IBRD, they will always have the pressure to create shareholder value, and cannot focus their attention solemnly on poverty reduction. Furthermore, the World Bank has largely overlapping interest with the IMF, especially the IBRD. They both focus on the same core neoliberal policies, and impose these on the countries they lend money to. These policies have mostly ended in poverty and economic failure in developing countries. Consequently, the IBRD should be discontinued, and the capital that the IBRD holds could be transferred to the IDA. The IDA could then be reorganised as a subgroup of the IMF. This would not only give the IMF a better image, but also infuse new ideas into the organisation. The IMF can still give similar loans as the IBRD did, since they have the capital and the power to credit those loans. There is no doubt that the IDA is an important institution with the correct core values, ut there is simply no need for two supranational institutions focusing on the same broad goals. On top, over the last decades, there have been increasing inflows of FDI into developing countries and private microfinance, which can boost development and GDP growth. The main role of the IDA should therefore be consultancy, to ensure the private loans are used effectively. An increased cooperation with the United Nations Deve lopment Programme (UNDP) and the UN should ensure sustainable poverty reduction. The third supranational institution, originating from the Breton Woods agreement is the World Trade Organization. Initially named the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), it aimed to govern international trade relations, since countries would use tariffs to protect their own economies at the expense of their neighbours. This was seen as a threat to push the economy into a further recession; hence an institution was needed to encourage the free flow of goods and services. The GATT was transformed into the WTO in 1994, under the Marrakech Agreement. Currently, the WTO has 154 members, and embraces 95% of the global market. Its mission still is, to supervise and liberalize international trade. It has two main functions, firstly to provide a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes. If there is a dispute the WTO may direct the „loosingâ€Å" member to take action to bring its laws, regulations or policies into conformity with the WTO Agreements, however there is no punishment enforced. Secondly, it „oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreementsâ€Å" (WTO official website, 2012). The WTO claims that the introduced trading system has produced several benefits. Listed in the 10 benefits of the WTO) The main benefits are, firstly, that free trade generally cuts the cost of living and gives the consumer more choice. The reduced trade barriers through negotiations results in reduced costs for producers, reducing the price of finished goods and services, ultimately resulting in a lower cost of living. The increased global competition also forces produ cers to cut costs, again resulting in a benefit for the consumer. Secondly, lowering trade barriers adds to personal income. The WTO claims since the Uruguay Round trade deal between $109 and 510 billion dollars were added to the world income. In Europe, the EU Commission calculates that over 1989–93 EU incomes increased by 1. 1–1. 5% more than they would have done without the Single Market. Thirdly, trade stimulates economic growth, which could lead to increased jobs, if countries have the correct adjustment policies. Lastly, the least criticized benefit of the WTO, is that the system is based on the rules rather than power. Meaning that voting power is equal for every member, and decisions are largely made by consensus. Rich and poor countries alike have an equal right to challenge each other in the WTO’s dispute settlement procedures. Although the WTO claims that free trade is essentially positive for all nations, critics have targeted the 10 benefits of WTO harshly. Richard Peet argues, that the WTO clearly does not adopt a neutral stance on trade policy. He further says; the WTO â€Å" is passionately against protectionism and just profoundly for trade liberalization† (Peet, 2003). The WTO therefore generally favours some interests while harming others. Furthermore, Peet targets the effect of free trade on workers and unemployment. The fact that the WTO shows no evidence for the increase in employment, stating reliable estimates become impossible, shows that there is little behind this benefit. Quite on the contrary, several workers have lost their job as result of free trade, due to increased competition and the cost reduction of manufacturers. Furthermore, free trade often resulted in developing countries trading more but actually earning less. The reason being, many countries were unable to shift their production from primary commodities to manufacturing. The increased competition between developing countries and dropping commodity prizes meant lower profit margins. Another point of criticism deals with the TRIPs agreement, which sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property. Critics argue that the TRIPS agreement has a detrimental effect on the access of medicine in developing countries. The most controversial issue involves the use of drugs to cure AIDS. For example, Thailand suspended the patents of drugs treating HIV and heart conditions, to make the medicine affordable for poor patients. The EU and the US protested formally and the US even threatened retaliatory actions. The WTOs operations have also been criticised for being biased towards developed nations. While the EU has largely enforced trade protectionist measures, subsidizing the textile and agricultural industry, developing nations have been forced to open their markets. European and US lobbyism plays a great role in the WTO, and explains why the US and the EU were allowed to use these protectionist measures. In general, the WTO has proved to be an extremely useful institution for freer trade, and in some cases successfully enhanced the growth of nations. However several developing countries have felt the downside of free trade, with some of their economies shrinking due to increased competition combined with higher unemployment rates. Nevertheless, according to Ingo Walter an international trade professor at NYU â€Å"the world as a whole is certainly materially better off under free trade than with no trade at all and so is the individual nationâ€Å" (Walter, 2011). The WTO will face several challenges in the future, including trade negotiation between BRIC countries and the EU and US. â€Å"If export-oriented interests mobilize in countries, including the BRICs, they will push for reciprocal market openings† (Schaffer, 2009) The WTO must ensure negotiations are fair, and to ensure that they cannot allow US and EU multinationals to interfere with the WTOs decision making. In conclusion, the critics towards the Bretton Woods institutions have several core similarities. These critics argue that the institutions do not effectively alleviate poverty, they are generally poorly governed and developing countries remain marginal and without influence in decision-making. Those institutions have profoundly affected the developing world and it is time for a reform of these organizations. This essay has outlined the possibility of a united World Bank and IMF, in order to pool the capital towards a common goal. For this merger to succeed the IMF will have to undergo serious restructuring and embrace a goal towards the sustainable development of the world economy. Word Count: 3228 References: Bretton Woods Project. What are the main concerns and criticism about the World Bank and IMF? Available: http://www. brettonwoodsproject. org/item. shtml? x=320869 (Accessed: 15 March. 2012) de Vries,M. G. (1986) The International Monetary Fund 1966-1971. Washington D. C: International Monetary Fund Education y Cultura. (2012, March 14) World Bank lends Mexico 300 million dollars for high school. (Education y Cultura) Available: http://www. ducacionyculturaaz. com/noticias/bm-presta-a-mexico-300-mdd-para-educacion-media/? lang=en (Accessed: 20 March. 2012) Goddard. C. R, Conklin. J, ; Passe-SMmith. T. (1996) Open World: International Political Economy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Pub Griesgraber,J. M. Gunter B. G. (1996) The World’s Monetary System: towards stability and Sustainability in the Twenty-f irst Century. London: Pluto Press Hill C. W. L. (2002) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace 3rd ed. London: McGraw-Hill Irwin Irwin,A. I. (1999) Do we need the WTO? Available: http://www. cato. org/pubs/journal/cj19n3/cj19n3-2. df (Accessed: 17 March. 2012) Kruger,A. (June 2004) The IMF at 60: Equipped for Today’s Challenges? Available: http://www. imf. org/external/np/speeches/2004/062304. htm (Accessed: 17 March. 2012) Legrain,P. (2007) Open World: The Truth about Globalisation. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee Peet,R. (2007) The Geography of Power: the making of global economic policy. Oxford: University Press Peet,R. (2003) Unholy Trinity, The IMF, World Bank and WTO 2nd ed. London: Zed Books Pettinger,T. (2008, 10 November) Criticism of IMF. Available: http://econ. economicshelp. org/2008/11/criticism-of-imf. tml (Accessed: 17 March. 2012) Schaffer,G. (2009, February 24) Future of the WTO- Liberal Ideas and Domestic Politics. Available: http://uchicagolaw. typ epad. com/faculty/2009/02/future-of-the-wto-liberal-ideas-and-domestic-politics-gregory-shaffer. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) Sinha,A. (2012) What are the important advantages of Free Trade ? http://www. preservearticles. com/201012291889/important-advantages-free-trade. html (Accessed: 20 March. 2012) Stiglitz,J. (2002) Globalization and its Discontents. London: Penguin Books Stiglitz,J. (2007) Making Globalization Work: The Next Steps to Global Justice. London: Penguin Weisbrot,M. (2001, December 25) Argentina’s Crisis, IMF’s Fingerprints. (Washington Post) Available: http://www. washingtonpost. com/ac2/wp-dyn? pagename=articlenode=contentId=A22623-2001Dec24 (Accessed: 20 March. 2012) World Bank Group. (2011) Azerbaijan Highway Program. Available: http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:22739570~menuPK:64256345~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00. html (Accessed 20 March. 2012) WTO. (2012) Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. Available: How to cite Critically Evaluate the Debates Surrounding the Continuity, Essay examples

Collaborations and Process Innovation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Collaborations and Process Innovation. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of the report is to analyze the procurement management practice of company operating it business in United Arab Emirates. The supply chain management of the company is one of the most vital aspects of the business as the business operation of the firm is based and depended on the proper supply of the materials. Therefore, report is focused on the supply chain management of the company in terms of enhancing the strategic significant of the companys procurement department. The chosen structure of the report presents the procurement practice of the company in detail. The company about which the report is concerned is the Lulu Group. The Lulu Group is one of the major retail companies in United Arab Emirates (UAE) with the parent company EMKE Group (Lulugroupinternational.com, 2017). The following section of the report will discuss the procurement management of the company with the recommendation to enhance the strategic significance of the same. Lulu Group is one of the major retail companies in UAE. The retail market of the company is vast and fast growing. The company was founded in the year 2000, and started capturing the market within a short span of time (Lulugroupinternational.com, 2017). The vision and mission of the company is integrated with each other in terms of operating its business activities with the aim to meet the target. The vision of the organization is to reach the leading position in the retail sector which the aim of providing the customers unique shopping experience. The supply chain of the organization is innovative and technology based along with the four warehouses (Staff, 2017). In addition, it must be mentioned that the supply chain of the organization is well organized. The values of the company thereby are focused on the integrity, teamwork, accountability, innovation and commitment. The business operation of the company is based around the Middle East. The company opened its first hypermarket in Dubai and presently the company has more than 130 stores around the Middle East and Africa. The company operates its business from its headquarter in Dubai. However the business operation of the company is spanned in the international market which includes the business of retail, import and export, trading, shipping, travel and tourism, IT and education. However, the retail business is the major and primary business of the company (Lulugroupinternational.com, 2017). The company being one of the biggest companies in Middle East, the firm has wide numbers o consumers with some tough competitors. However, the number of competitors for the company is fewer but stronger. The company is one of the striving companies in the retail market with the vision of gaining the first place in the retail sector. In the retail sector of the nation, the strongest competitor of the company is Landmark Group. Landmark is the leading company in the retail sector of UAE with 1300 supermarkets across the country while the Lulu Group has only 130 supermarkets (Landmark Group, 2017). On the other hand, the revenue of the company is less than Landmark which is respectively 3.8% per cent and 5.1 per cent (Rahaman, 2013). A research study of Deloitte states that Landmark is dominating the market of retail sector in UAE, whereas, the Lulu Group is striving to get the position of the leader in the retail sector. However, there are other major competitors of the company from th e global market such as the Walmart, Aldi and many others. The supply chain management of the company is well structures and well organized. The suppliers of the company comes from various and different aspects. The firm being a retail business organization offers products of daily use to the customers. Hence the suppliers of the firm are food vendors, vegetable vendors, electronic goods vendors, household article vendors and many more (LuLu Group International, 2017). On the other hand, the customers of the firm are the people from all over the country. The country being a developed and economically independent one possesses most of the customers with financial ability. Therefore, the company does have to target any specific group of customers for their offerings. However, the firm is focused on the loyalty of the customers for maintaining the sustainability of the company in the highly competitive market (Lulugroupinternational.com, 2016). Procurement Management Process: The procurement process is one of the important and major practices that ensure the effective business operation of the firm as well as the sustainability of the same in the competitive market (Stadtler, 2015). The organizational structure of Lulu Group is the bass of the procurement process of the organization. The organizational structure helps the company to have operated its procurement management process effectively in order to maintain successful business operation in the market. It must be remembered that the internal process of procurement determined the functions of the firm as well as the external business operation of the same (Lukic, 2013). It is found that the organizational structure of the firm is matrix which enables the company to effectively perform its business operation in the international context (Ross, 2013). The matrix organizational structure is the hybrid of the fictional and divisional structure and therefore is beneficial for Lulu Group as it operates in a larger context. In addition, the procurement process of the organization is based on the organizational structure in order to operate number of stores both across the country and border. The supply chain management of the company is based on well-thought out distribution channel and the warehouse management system. The supply chain of the company is fastest growing with its business. Being the largest supply chain of the nation it can be compared with the well-oiled machine. To make the management of the supply chain as well as the business operation easy the firm is divided into three parts; Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Dubai and Northern Emirates (Staff, 2017). There are four warehouse of the firm across UAE which the management of the daily operation of the deliverables products and supplied materials are done. The entire procurement process is automated and is technology based which makes the procurement process easier. Porters value chain: There are two types of activities, which are involved in the supply chain of the organization, one is the primary activities and the other is the secondary activities. The primary activities will include factors such as inbound logistics, outbound logistics, operations, services, marketing and sales. The secondary activities will include the factors such as infrastructure of the firm, human resources management, technology development and procurement (Fearne,, Garcia Martinez Dent, 2012). The primary activities are the main activities in the supply chain management and the secondary activities will provide support to the main functions of the organization. Procurement is a part of the secondary activities of the organization and the organization has been using the SKUs to track their orders. The organization has a good supply chain management and they have fixed number of suppliers who provide them with the raw materials. The logistics of the organization is very efficient and they are able to compete the loading and the unloading of the materials with in the restricted hours (Fearne,, Garcia Martinez Dent, 2012). The organization does not outsource any of their supply change processes, which depicts their efficiency in this processes. The organization is using just in time to manage their inventory as the majority of the inventory is kept in the warehouse and the required amount of stocks are kept at the back stores. The organization mainly imports majority of their items direct from the other countries and is available at their warehouses all the time. Critical analysis of gap in procurement: The operations of LULU group have been divided in to three parts and they are Abu Dhabi, Northern Emirates, Dubai and Al Ain. The organization initially followed a traditional supply chain management but it changed with the advancement of technology and th3e organization is currently making use of the warehouse management system. LULU group consist of four warehouses in United Arab Emirates and the largest warehouse of the organization is in Abu Dhabi. There is lot of advantages of using the warehouse management system as it enables the organization to handle large amount of inventory. The organization has exceeded in technological supremacy and the whole supply chain system is automated. However, the biggest challenge the organization has faced is in the department of the distribution of the large amount of inventory to various outlets to all parts of the world. The organization is trying to use minimum input and provide maximum output so that they can increase the profit margin of the organization. However, there are few issues in warehouse management system, which has to be addressed. The gap in the supply chain management can be modified to make improvements in the business model of the organization that will facilitate in improving the revenue generation streams (Gonzalez-Padron, 2016). Thus, the main gaps in management of the organization are as follows: Increment in the management of the master data Expert knowledge is required for maximizing the benefit Increases the process steps in picking and receipt Complexity in solving problems for erroneous processing Master data management is critical for the organization, as it will facilitate in improving the business processes and at the same time will assist in maintaining their long-term sustainability in the market (Reichert, Otto sterle, 2013). It is essential to maintain standardized procedure otherwise; there will be a huge gap in the quality of the data. It may happen that due to the lack in the customer master the organization may to extend their daily sales output, which may fall under the benchmark of the industry. This is the reason that many organizations have procurement efficiency below the benchmark of the industry. Thus, the issues with the masters of material and the vendors will result in the less efficiency in the procurement of the organization. LULU group similar issues as they have to handle a large amount of data as they supply products to different parts of the world. Thus, the organization will have to manage their upstream processes in a better way, which will lead t o efficiencies in the downstream processes. Thus, the organization will have to use operating model and design the governance of the data to manage master data management. Expert knowledge is the only way of maximizing the performance of the organization as the warehouse management system is complex and consist of huge amount of data. The technical issues will have to be handled and expert knowledge is required for managing unfavorable situations (Ponte Cheyns, 2013). The organization will have to make improvements to their corporate data environment, which will help in the formation of a better and efficient system for management of the invent5ory of the organization (Fearne, Garcia Martinez Dent, 2012). The main competitor for the organization is Landmark that is ahead of them in terms of the market share and the growth rate, which suggests that LULU group, will have to make improvements to the procurements management policies if they want to gain competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. Process steps are the steps involved in the delivery and receiving of goods. The receiving of the good will increase the amount of inventory whereas the issue of the goods will result in the decrease of the inventory (Un Asakawa, 2015). However, the conventional Data Warehouse management system will the increase the number of processes involved in it so it essential to reduce the complexity in each of the procedures of the organization. Thus, LULU group will have to use a lean DW management system, which will facilitate in reducing the number of processes that are involved in receiving and sending of goods. In the Lean DW management system, goods issues and the receipts are not processed and do not involve the use of the storage bins in the processes of the organization (Jaca et al., 2012). Thus, the lean management system will not be using quants to update the stocks of the stocks and the transaction takes place at the level of the storage location. Thus, the quantities of the inve ntory can be displayed with the assistance of the inventory management system. Error in processing in the conventional Data Warehouse management system increases the Complexity in problem solving. The DW system in the LULU group has to handle a large amount of data and it is likely that there will be error in some of the processes of the organization. Lean management system is one of the unique ways of solving this problem, as it will reduce the number of processes in the management of the organization. This will include the use of the various analysis techniques such as root cause analysis, Pareto analysis, fixed order quantity and economic order quantity to decrease the complexity of the procedures and reduce the chances of error in the processes (Meldrum, 2012). The root cause analysis will use the fishbone diagram to analyze the causes of a certain event, which will assist in making improvements in the procedure of the organization. The Pareto analyses states that 80% of the problems in the processes is due to the 20% of the issues (Ab Talib, Abdul Hamid T hoo, 2015). This analysis will identify the issues and improve the processes in the organization. The fixed order quantity defines the reorder point on an earlier and replenishes the inventory with stocks, which has been predetermined by the management (Xu Bisi, 2012). This helps to improve the management of the inventory based on their demand and supply in the market. It is essential for the organization to identify the optimal quantity of the stocks and this will vary from item to item. However, there are assumptions to this theory, which states that demand remains unchanged over a period, there is no change in the transport cost with the change in the order size and it is possible to trace the cost of stock holding and order processing (Uthayakumar Rameswari, 2012). Thus, LULU group will have to incorporate all these changes in to the organization if they have to manage efficiently the large inventory and the data related to it. Moreover, the organization facing issues in the distribution that can overcome these challenges by incorporating these changes in to the organization procedure. Recommendations: Thus, it is recommended that the organization will have to look in to the broader picture and incorporates these changes to overcome their shortcomings. LULU group will have to use lean management system, which will reduce the number of procedure and processes. Thus, the organization will be able to reduce the overall cost of processes; vertical integration is another measure the organization will have to use so that they will be able to improve continuously their processes. These are all parts of change management, which can transform the organization and make them gain competitive advantage in the market and will help them in taking the majority of the share in the market by increasing their growth rate. Conclusion: Therefore it can be concluded from the above report that the procurement management process of Lulu Group works as the functioning body for the sustainability as well as effective business operations of the company. The entire procurement process of the presents some issues in the company which is further recommended by the lean management and vertical integration process for better performance of the company. Bibliography: Ab Talib, M. S., Abdul Hamid, A. B., Thoo, A. C. (2015). Critical success factors of supply chain management: a literature survey and Pareto analysis.EuroMed Journal of Business,10(2), 234-263. Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M., Dent, B. (2012). Dimensions of sustainable value chains: implications for value chain analysis.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), 575-581. Gonzalez-Padron, T. L. (2016). Ethics in the Supply Chain: Follow-up processes to audit results.Journal of Marketing Channels,23(1-2), 22-33. 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InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Staff, A. (2017).CASE STUDY: Inside Lulu Hypermarkets supply chain | ArabianSupplyChain.com.Arabiansupplychain.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.arabiansupplychain.com/article-13198-case-study-inside-lulu-hypermarkets-supply-chain/ Un, C. A., Asakawa, K. (2015). Types of RD collaborations and process innovation: The benefit of collaborating upstream in the knowledge chain.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(1), 138-153. Uthayakumar, R., Rameswari, M. (2012). Economic order quantity for deteriorating items with time discounting.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,58(5-8), 817-840. Xu, Y., Bisi, A. (2012). Wholesale-price contracts with postponed and fixed retail prices.Operations Research Letters,40(4), 250-257.